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    〜ます、〜ます/〜くも、〜くも (~masu, ~masu / ~ku mo, ~ku mo) — formal listing style

    The refined way to list actions in speeches and writing — without て-forms.

    Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)

    Verb Vます [ます] + 、…
    い-adj い-adj [い] + く、…
    い-adj い-adj [い] + くも + い-adj [い] + くも + ない

    Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)

    When to use it

    You must recognise this style in the JLPT reading section; using it in your own essays or speeches lifts the register a notch.

    Meaning

    • In formal speech and writing, the verb's ます-stem (連用形) links instead: 「朝は走り、夜は本を読みます」= in the morning I run, at night I read a book.
    • It makes the sentence refined, written, slightly distant.
    • 「〜くも〜くも」= "neither… nor…": 「高くも安くもない」= neither expensive nor cheap.

    How to attach

    • い-adjectives use 「〜く」: 「安く、おいしい」.
    • Lesson 22's 「〜であり」belongs here too.

    Versus what you know

    N5At N5 you learned to link actions with the て-form (「走って、読む」).

    Examples (उदाहरणहरू)

    朝は走り、夜は本を読みます。

    あさははしり、よるはほんをよみます。

    In the morning I run; at night I read.

    How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 走ります → drop ます: 走り → put 、 and then the next clause → a formal link without the て-form.

    この店は安く、おいしい。

    このみせはやすく、おいしい。

    This place is cheap and good.

    How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 安い → drop い: 安く → 、 → written style.

    この店は高くも安くもない。

    このみせはたかくもやすくもない。

    This place is neither expensive nor cheap.

    How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 高く + も → 安く + も → ない → a double negative: 'neither… nor…'.

    Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)

    Question: 1/3

    「朝は勉強し、_。」— what happened to the verb in formal style?

    💡 Hint: The ます-stem.

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