さらに・しかも・その上 (sarani / shikamo / sono ue) — moreover
Having said one thing, piling another on top — "and not only that".
Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)
Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)
Meaning
- Three words add another point on top of the previous sentence.
- 「しかも」= "moreover" — spoken and written, and what is added goes the same way (good on good, bad on bad): 「安い。しかも、おいしい」.
- 「その上」= "on top of that" — like しかも, a little more written.
- 「さらに」= "further, in addition" — with a sense of degree increasing: 「物価が上がった。さらに、税金も上がった」.
Versus what you know
N4「それに」belongs to the same family and is the most everyday.
Also
The JLPT asks you to choose between connectors that add and ones that contrast — these add.
Examples (उदाहरणहरू)
この店は安い。しかも、おいしい。
このみせはやすい。しかも、おいしい。
This place is cheap. And what's more, it's good.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) A good point → しかも → another good point on top of it.
物価が上がった。さらに、税金も上がった。
ぶっかがあがった。さらに、ぜいきんもあがった。
Prices went up. On top of that, taxes went up too.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) A bad point → さらに → another bad point is added, making it worse.
彼は仕事が早い。その上、ていねいだ。
かれはしごとがはやい。そのうえ、ていねいだ。
He works fast. On top of that, he's careful.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) A good quality → その上 → another good quality.
Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)
「この部屋は広い。＿、駅に近い。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint: Good on top of good.
Adding in the same direction = しかも.
What sense does 「さらに」carry?
💡 Hint: "Even more."
A sense of degree increasing.
What follows 「しかも」?
💡 Hint: It adds.
Good on good, bad on bad.
Your score: /3