V て-form / い-adj 〜くて / な-adj 〜で、〜 (V-te / i-adj ~kute / na-adj ~de, ~) — Cause with the て form
The first half is the cause; the second half is the feeling or result it brought.
Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)
Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)
「〜て、〜」makes the first clause the cause and the second clause its result. How to attach: put the verb in the て form (聞く → 聞いて), drop 〜い from an い-adjective and add 〜くて (重い → 重くて), and use で for な-adjectives and nouns (不便だ → 不便で, as in 交通が 不便で、大変です). In the negative, ない drops and なくて takes its place — 来ない → 来なくて, わからない → わからなくて. **Big trap:** the second clause cannot be a request, an order, an invitation or a wish. Only a feeling (びっくりしました、安心しました、困りました) or a result you did not control (遅れました、持てません) can follow — so 「寒くて、窓を 閉めてください」is wrong; that needs から or ので. **Second trap:** ないで and なくて are not the same — 〜ないで = "without doing" (from Lesson 9: 朝ごはんを 食べないで 行きました = I went without eating breakfast), while 〜なくて = "because it did not happen".
Examples (उदाहरणहरू)
ニュースを 聞いて、びっくりしました。
nyuusu o kiite, bikkuri shimashita.
I heard the news and was surprised.
荷物が 重くて、持てません。
nimotsu ga omokute, motemasen.
The luggage is heavy, so I cannot carry it.
バスが 来なくて、会社に 遅れました。
basu ga konakute, kaisha ni okuremashita.
The bus did not come, so I was late for work.
Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)
Question: 1/3Which fills the blank in "The bus did not come, so I was late"? バスが ___、遅れました。
💡 Hint: To give a cause, ない drops and なくて takes its place.
来ない → 来なくて. 来ないで means "without coming", which is not a cause.
Which of these sentences is wrong?
💡 Hint: Look at what sits in the second clause.
A request or an order cannot follow 〜て. It has to be 「寒いから、窓を 閉めてください」.
Which correctly says "I went to the office without eating breakfast"?
💡 Hint: For "without doing" you need ないで.
〜ないで = "without doing". 食べなくて gives the cause "because I did not eat" and needs a feeling-type result like 困りました after it. 食べて means after eating.
Your score: /3