丁寧語 — です・ます / ございます (teineigo — desu/masu, gozaimasu) — The basic polite language that works with anyone

Language that raises or lowers no one — it just makes the way you speak polite.

Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)

Verb Vます／ N + です

あります → ございます

N + です → N + でございます

N お + N ／ご + N

Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)

When to use it

You hear those two every day in shops, hotels, at reception and on the phone.

Meaning

丁寧語 is the basic polite language you get by speaking with です／ます.
It raises nobody and lowers nobody, so it is safe with anyone.

How to attach

When you need it more formal, ございます replaces あります and 〜でございます replaces です — 「トイレは二階にございます」「こちらが会議室でございます」.
Putting お／ご in front of a noun also makes it polite: お on native Japanese words (お名前, お仕事, お金, お店) and ご on Chinese-origin words (ご家族, ご住所, ご両親, ご注文).
There are exceptions — お電話, お時間, お食事, お料理 are Chinese-origin but still take お, so learn those few by heart.

Versus what you know

Which to pick? With same-rank coworkers, in shop talk and in ordinary daily work 丁寧語 alone is enough; add 尊敬語／謙譲語 only for a boss, a customer or a stranger, because full 敬語 with a close friend sounds like you are pushing them away.

Watch out

A big mistake: お／ご goes on the other person's things, not on your own — you ask 「お名前は?」, but about yourself you say 「名前はラメシュです」.

Examples (उदाहरणहरू)

お名前とご住所をお願いします。

おなまえとごじゅうしょをおねがいします。

Your name and address, please.

トイレは二階にございます。

トイレはにかいにございます。

The restroom is on the second floor.

こちらが会議室でございます。

こちらがかいぎしつでございます。

This is the meeting room.

Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)

Question: 1/3

Which pair uses お／ご correctly?

💡 Hint: 名前 is a native word, 家族 is Chinese-origin.