〜ことなしに(は) (~koto nashi ni (wa)) — without doing ~ (it's impossible)
Without first doing ~, the next thing can't happen — a stiff, written 'without' that follows a verb.
Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)
Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)
When to use it
- Say your team has a problem with a customer. A senior says in the meeting: 'Without really listening to the customer, we won't solve this.'
- It is very stiff — essays, speeches and reports; with a friend just say 「〜しないと、〜できないよ」.
Meaning
- 「〜ことなしに(は)」= 'you must do ~ first, otherwise the next thing is impossible'.
- So it is usually followed by 「〜ない・できない・ありえない」.
How to attach
- Dictionary form + 「ことなしに」: 知ることなしに・使うことなしには
- The previous point, 「なしに」, joined to a noun; to join a verb you put 「こと」in between to turn it into a noun — that is this form.
Versus what you know
N2Don't mix it up with 「〜ことなく」(休むことなく働いた): 「ことなく」simply means 'without doing', and a positive result can follow; 「ことなしに(は)」means 'without doing ~, ~ is impossible'.
Examples (उदाहरणहरू)
相手の話をよく聞くことなしに、問題は解決できない。
あいてのはなしをよくきくことなしに、もんだいはかいけつできない。
Without listening carefully to the other side, the problem cannot be solved.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 聞く = to listen (dictionary form) → 「こと」 makes it a noun → 「なしに」 = without listening → then 'not possible': 解決できない.
毎日日本語を使うことなしには、会話は上達しない。
まいにちにほんごをつかうことなしには、かいわはじょうたつしない。
Without using Japanese every day, your conversation won't improve.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 使う = to use → 「こと」+「なしに」+「は」 = without using it → then a negative: 上達しない = won't improve.
失敗を経験することなしに、本当の成長はありえない。
しっぱいをけいけんすることなしに、ほんとうのせいちょうはありえない。
Without experiencing failure, real growth is impossible.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) 経験する = to experience → 「ことなしに」 = without experiencing it → then the essay's firm ending: ありえない = impossible.
Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)
「計画をしっかり立てる___、大きな仕事は成功しない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint: A verb (立てる) comes before.
Dictionary form + ことなしには. After a verb you need 「こと」; bare 「なしに」goes only with nouns.
Which sentence is correct and natural?
💡 Hint: Check both the attachment and the ending.
Verb + こと + なしには, followed by 'impossible'. With the noun 準備 it is just 「準備なしには」; a positive ending like 'succeeded' does not fit.
「彼は十年間、一日も休む___働き続けた。」— which fits naturally?
💡 Hint: Is the ending 'impossible', or simply an action done 'without'?
ことなく = simply 'without doing', and a positive action can follow. ことなしには needs an 'impossible' ending.
Your score: /3