Lesson 11
Conditions: only if / once ~ it's over / without ~
- 1 〜とあれば ~to areba if it's (for) ~, (I'd do anything) If it is for someone or something special, 'I'll do whatever it takes' — a form that shows strong resolve.
- 2 〜たが最後 ~ta ga saigo once ~, (it's the end / no going back) Once that one thing happens, that's it — a bad or unstoppable result is sure to follow.
- 3 〜なくして（は） ~nakushite (wa) without ~ (X is impossible) Without ~ it simply cannot happen — a stiff, formal 'without' that stresses ~ is essential.
- 4 〜なしに（は） ~nashi ni (wa) without ~ (doing / having) Without the thing that should be there (notice, permission, a booking) — the 'without' of notices and daily life.
- 5 〜ことなしに（は） ~koto nashi ni (wa) without doing ~ (it's impossible) Without first doing ~, the next thing can't happen — a stiff, written 'without' that follows a verb.
- 6 〜ては ~te wa if (it's like) ~, (bad result) 'If things are like this…' — a complaint that the current state of affairs leads to a bad result.
- 7 〜ものとして ~mono to shite assuming ~ / on the assumption that ~ Treat ~ as true, even if it isn't certain, and act on it — common in notices and at work.
- 8 〜ないとも限らない ~nai to mo kagiranai it's not impossible that ~ (so be careful) The chance is small, but it could happen — so let's be ready. A warning form.
Lesson check
All 8 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「お客様のため＿＿＿、休みの日でも店を開けます。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A special reason + the speaker's strong will.
N + とあれば = if it's for ~ (I'll do anything). が最後 needs a た-form verb and a bad result.
「母はテレビの前に座った＿＿＿、何を言っても聞こえない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Once she sits down, that's it — an unstoppable result follows.
Vた + が最後 = once ~, that's it. ものとして is followed by an action based on an assumption, not a bad result.
「社員一人一人の努力＿＿＿、会社の成長はありえない。」(chairman's speech) — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:After a noun — the stiff 'without' of speeches.
N + なくして + ありえない. ことなしに only follows a verb (努力することなしに).
「断り＿＿＿、人の自転車を使ってはいけない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Without doing what should be done (asking first).
N + なしに = without ~. 断り is a noun, so 「こと」is not needed.
「実際に使ってみる＿＿＿、この機械の良さは分からない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A verb (使ってみる) comes before.
Dictionary form + ことなしには + negative. なしには and なくしては go only with nouns.
「こんなに給料が安く＿＿＿、家族に仕送りできない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The current bad situation → a bad result.
い-adj く + ては = if it's like this (bad result). 安くては = if it's this low.
「連絡がない場合は、参加しない＿＿＿準備を進めます。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Assume 'not taking part' and go ahead with the work.
Plain form + ものとして = assuming ~, followed by an action based on it (準備を進めます).
「大雨で道が通れなくなら＿＿＿ので、早めに帰ろう。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:There is a risk → so we prepare by going home early.
Vない + とも限らない = it could happen (a warning), and preparation follows: 早めに帰ろう. ものとして would mean acting as if the road stays open, which contradicts going home early.
Your score: /8