Lesson 20
Compound Verbs & Suffixes
- 1 〜かけ・かける ~kake / ~kakeru half-done / about to Started but not finished — the half-eaten meal, the book you're partway through.
- 2 〜切る・切れる・切れない ~kiru / ~kireru / ~kirenai do completely / can't finish All the way, nothing left — and whether you could manage it.
- 3 〜まま・っぱなし・きり ~mama / ~ppanashi / ~kiri as is / left / ever since A state left unchanged — three words, three shades.
- 4 〜出す ~dasu suddenly start to The sudden sibling of N4's 「〜はじめる」— the baby just burst out crying.
- 5 〜がちだ ~gachi da tend to It happens more often than not, and that's not good — an unwelcome tendency.
- 6 〜気味 ~gimi a touch of Not fully, but leaning that way — "a bit of a cold coming on".
- 7 〜だらけ ~darake full of / covered in Covered so thickly you can hardly stand it — mistakes, rubbish, mud.
- 8 〜づらい・がたい ~zurai / ~gatai hard to Two siblings of N4's 「〜にくい」— one awkward, one emotionally impossible.
Lesson check
All 8 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「テーブルの上に、食べ＿のパンが置いてある。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Is the bread whole or half gone?
ます-stem + かけ(の N) = started but left unfinished. がち and 気味 are tendencies, and 出し doesn't make a noun like this.
「量が多すぎて、全部は食べ＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Too much — could you get to the end?
ます-stem + 切れない = can't get through it all. かけた ("about to eat") and 出した ("started eating") don't follow 多すぎて.
「靴をはいた＿、部屋に入ってはいけない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Shoes still on — in that same state.
た-form + まま = in that same state. っぱなし attaches to the ます-stem (はきっぱなし), and きり means "and nothing since".
「駅を出たとたん、雨が急に降り＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Look at 急に.
ます-stem + 出す = suddenly start — the natural partner of 急に. かけた only means it was about to rain, which doesn't fit とたん and 急に.
「冬は風邪をひき＿なので、気をつけている。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:冬は — it happens every year, and it isn't good.
ます-stem + がちだ = an unwelcome thing that tends to happen. だらけ attaches only to nouns (泥だらけ).
「今日は少し風邪＿なので、早く帰ります。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:少し — not fully, just a touch.
Noun + 気味 = a touch of something. だらけ means covered in (no 風邪だらけ), and っぱなし and かけ attach to verbs.
「雨の中でサッカーをして、服が泥＿になった。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Mud everywhere — a real mess.
Noun + だらけ = covered in (something unpleasant). 気味 is only "a touch of" and isn't used with mud.
「店長はいつも忙しそうなので、『休みたい』とは言い＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:You could say it, but it feels awkward.
ます-stem + づらい = hard to do because it feels awkward (a sibling of にくい). 言い切れない means "can't say for certain" — a different idea.
Your score: /8