Lesson 6
Cause & Result
- 1 〜せいで・せいか ~sei de / sei ka because of (bad result) Laying the blame for something that went wrong.
- 2 〜おかげで ~okage de thanks to Something went well, and someone deserves the credit.
- 3 〜ため(に)〔原因〕 ~tame (ni) because of In N4 it marked purpose — here the same ため marks cause, mostly in writing.
- 4 〜ことから ~koto kara from the fact that Explaining what a piece of evidence led to — a conclusion, or a name.
- 5 〜からこそ・〜こそ ~kara koso / ~koso precisely because / this very "Not for any other reason — for this one" — putting weight on the cause.
- 6 〜た結果・その結果 ~ta kekka / sono kekka as a result of What finally came of doing something — showing the outcome of an effort.
- 7 〜によって ~ni yotte depending on / due to / by One phrase, three jobs — "varies with", "caused by" and "by means of".
Lesson check
All 7 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「電車が遅れた＿、面接に間に合わなかった。」 — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A bad result, blamed on the train.
〜せいで = the cause of a bad result (blame). おかげで is only for good results, and ことから is for drawing a conclusion from evidence.
「先生が教えてくれた＿、N3に合格できた。」 — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A good result, credited to the teacher.
〜おかげで = credit for a good result. せいで is for bad ones, and によって doesn't attach after a plain-form verb.
「大雪の＿、電車が止まっています。」 (station announcement) — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The neutral 'because of' of announcements and writing.
N のため = 'due to' (formal, neutral). おかげで is for good things, and によって takes no の (大雪によって).
「この町は桜の木が多い＿、『桜の町』と呼ばれている。」 — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A name that came from an observed fact.
〜ことから = "from the fact that" (the basis of a name or conclusion). 結果 needs Vた or Nの (多い結果 ✗), and おかげで / せいで assign credit or blame.
「苦しい時があった＿、今の私がある。」 — which stresses 'precisely because'?
💡 Hint:'Not for any other reason — for this one.'
〜からこそ = 'precisely because' (stressing the cause). せいで is for bad results, but 今の私がある is positive; によって can't follow a verb.
「毎日2時間練習した＿、N3に合格した。」 — which says 'as a result of'?
💡 Hint:What finally came of the effort.
Vた＋結果 = 'as a result of doing'. せいで doesn't fit a good result, and こそ can't follow a verb directly (it needs からこそ).
「国＿、あいさつのしかたが違う。」 — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:違う follows.
N＋によって＋違う = 'differs depending on ~'. せいで / おかげで assign blame or credit and don't pair with 違う.
Which is unnatural?
💡 Hint:Which verb form comes before 結果?
結果 takes a verb in た-form (話し合った結果) or N の — never the dictionary form.
Your score: /8