Lesson 24
Basis & standard: in line with / in light of
- 1 〜に即して ~ni sokushite in line with (the facts / reality) Not theory on paper — doing things so they fit the real situation or the facts exactly.
- 2 〜に照らして ~ni terashite in light of / judged against Holding something up against a yardstick — law, rules, experience — to judge right or wrong.
- 3 〜に則って ~ni nottotte in accordance with (rules / tradition) The stiff form for doing something by faithfully following an established rule, law or tradition.
- 4 〜を踏まえて ~o fumaete based on / taking into account Standing on results, opinions or past experience and thinking them through before the next step — a business and news form.
- 5 〜を前提として ~o zentei to shite on the premise of / assuming Building a whole plan on a condition you accept from the start — 'this will be the case'.
- 6 〜に準じて ~ni junjite in accordance with / treated as equal to Not exactly the same, but treated as equal to a standard and handled the same way — the form of regulations and forms.
Lesson check
All 6 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「先月の調査結果＿＿、サービスを改善します。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A result that already exists, kept in mind for the next step.
調査結果を踏まえて = taking the results into account. 則って takes rules or tradition, 準じて a standard to treat as equal, 前提として a condition assumed from the start — not a result that already exists.
「スポーツマンシップ＿＿、正々堂々と戦うことを誓います。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The athletes' oath — following an ideal or rule.
スポーツマンシップに則って = faithfully following the spirit of sportsmanship. It is the fixed wording of the oath; the other forms don't mean 'follow an ideal'.
「お金を返すこと＿＿、友達にお金を貸した。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The repayment hasn't happened yet — a condition set from the start.
返すことを前提として = on the premise that it's paid back. 照らして・則って・準じて take a yardstick or rule, not a future condition.
「彼の行為は、法律＿＿明らかに違反だ。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A judgment follows: 違反だ.
法律に照らして = judged against the law — followed by a verdict of right or wrong. After 則って comes an action done by the rules, not a verdict; 踏まえて and 準じて don't mean 'check against' either.
「契約社員も、正社員＿＿扱う。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Not exactly the same, but treated as equal.
正社員に準じて扱う = treat them as equal to full-time staff. 即して takes reality or facts and 照らして a yardstick for a verdict; treating one group as equal to another is 準じて's job alone.
「銀行も、時代＿＿新しいサービスを提供すべきだ。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Services that fit today's reality exactly.
時代に即したサービス = services that fit the times. 時代 isn't a standard to treat as equal, a yardstick for a verdict or an assumed condition — so 準じた・照らした・前提とした don't fit.
Which sentence is unnatural?
💡 Hint:Which form do you need for 'a document treated as equal to a passport'?
A document treated as equal to a passport = 「パスポートに準じた（準ずる）書類」. 即す means fitting reality or facts, not treating as equal. The other three are natural.
「事実（ア）即して、前回の反省（イ）踏まえて報告書を書いた。」— which particles go in (ア) and (イ)?
💡 Hint:Which forms in this lesson take 「を」?
に即して・に照らして・に則って・に準じて take 「に」; を踏まえて and を前提として take 「を」. So 事実に即して、反省を踏まえて.
Your score: /8