N や N (N ya N) — things such as A and B
Lists examples, implying 'and others too'.
Formula (सूत्र ढाँचा)
Grammar rule (व्याकरण नियम र परिभाषा)
Meaning
- や means "these and others too" — you name a few examples and leave the rest: つくえの上に本やペンがあります (There are books, pens and such on the desk).
- The Nepali feel of "आदि / जस्ता" is built into や.
How to attach
Adding など after the last noun makes "etc." even clearer: 本やペンなど.
Versus what you know
- The と of Lesson 4 meant "these two and nothing else".
- と and や sit in the same spot; only the meaning differs — the full list or a sample.
Examples (उदाहरणहरू)
つくえの 上に 本や ペンが あります。
つくえの うえに ほんや ペンが あります。
On the desk there are things such as a book and a pen.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) つくえの上に ──> 本 ──> just a few examples ➔ [ + や ✅ ] ──> 本や ──> [ + ペン ] ──> 本やペン ──> [ + があります ] ──> there is a book, a pen and so on.
へやに テレビや いすが あります。
heya ni terebi ya isu ga arimasu.
In the room there are things such as a TV and a chair.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) へやに ──> テレビ ──> [ + や ✅ ] ──> テレビや ──> [ + いす ] ──> テレビやいす ──> [ + があります ] ──> there is a TV, a chair and so on.
かばんの 中に ノートや かぎが あります。
かばんの なかに ノートや かぎが あります。
In the bag there are things such as a notebook and a key.
How it is built (कसरी बन्यो) かばんの中に ──> ノート ──> [ + や ✅ ] ──> ノートや ──> [ + かぎ ] ──> ノートやかぎ ──> [ + があります ] ──> there is a notebook, a key and so on.
Knowledge check (मिनी ज्ञान जाँच)
Fill: 本＿ ペンが あります。('There are things such as a book and a pen')
💡 Hint: A partial list (etc.).
本や ペン = things such as a book and a pen.
Which particle gives a partial list ('etc.'), not a complete one?
💡 Hint: An example list.
や = a partial list (etc.); と = a complete list.
Which sentence means 'In the room there are a TV, a chair and other things too'?
💡 Hint: や = a partial list (etc.).
や shows the list is partial — a TV, a chair and more. と means only those two, か means 'or', and の would mean 'the TV's chair'.
Your score: /3