Lesson 23
Written judgement: is thought to / I believe / it's not impossible
- 1 〜とみられる ~to mirareru is expected / believed to ~ The news form for 'police or experts estimate that ~'.
- 2 〜とされる ~to sareru is considered / said to be ~ Not one person's guess — 'it is held to be ~' by society, tradition or the rules.
- 3 〜ものと思われる ~mono to omowareru it is thought that ~ / I believe ~ How reports and announcements state the writer's own judgement in a modest, objective way.
- 4 〜ないものでもない ~nai mono demo nai it's not impossible that ~ / might (if …) A reluctant yes: 'not impossible, if the conditions are right'.
- 5 〜なくはない ~naku wa nai it's not that ~ isn't (so) / ~ to some extent A soft half-yes for when you hesitate to say 'yes': 'it's not that it isn't…'.
Lesson check
All 5 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「警察によると、火事の原因はストーブの消し忘れ__。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The police's estimate, in the news.
消し忘れとみられる = it is believed someone forgot to turn off the stove. 「ないものでもない」and「なくはない」only follow a negative form, and 「とみえて」can't end the sentence.
「日本では昔から、富士山は神の山__きた。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:「昔から」— something tradition holds.
神の山とされてきた = has long been held to be a sacred mountain. 「とみえて」is a personal guess from what you see and doesn't join with 「〜てきた」; 「なくはなくて」and「ないものでもなくて」can't follow the noun 「山」.
A rail company notice: 「台風の影響で、明日の電車は大幅に遅れる__。」
💡 Hint:The announcer's own formal estimate.
遅れるものと思われます = trains are expected to be heavily delayed (the company's modest estimate). 「なくはない」and「ないものでもない」can't follow the dictionary form 「遅れる」; 「とみえて」can't end the sentence.
「A:この仕事、引き受けてもらえませんか。 B:条件次第では、引き受け__。」
💡 Hint:I might, on conditions — a reluctant yes.
引き受けないものでもありません = I might take it, on conditions. 「とされます」「ものと思われます」「とみられます」can't follow the bare stem 「引き受け」, and none of them is how you answer for yourself.
「A:このくつ、ちょっと小さくない? B:うーん、小さく__けど、はけるよ。」
💡 Hint:An い-adjective, casual talk, a half-yes.
小さくなくはない = it's not that they aren't small (they are, a bit). 「ないものでもない」only follows verbs; 「とみられる」and「とされる」can't follow 「小さく」.
Which sentence is unnatural?
💡 Hint:A formal estimate about your own plan?
ものと思われる is a formal estimate about a situation; for your own plan say 「帰るつもりだ」or「帰る予定だ」. The other three are correct: tradition = とされる, a news estimate = とみられる, a reluctant yes = ないものでもない.
「お金が__が、今は車を買いたくない。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Which form can follow 「Nが」?
お金がなくはない = it's not that I have no money. 「ないものでもない」only follows a verb's ない-form; 「お金がとみられる」and「お金がとされる」aren't possible.
「その気持ちは、わからなくはない。」— which is closest in meaning?
💡 Hint:Your own feeling, a half-yes.
わからなくはない = I understand to some extent. 「わかるとみられている」and「わかるとされている」are others' estimates or a general view, not your own feeling; 「まったくわからない」is the opposite.
Your score: /8