Lesson 19
Obligation & Quotation
- 1 〜べきだ・べきではない ~beki da / beki de wa nai should / shouldn't "This is the right thing" — what one ought to do, morally or logically.
- 2 〜こと〔規則〕 ~koto do / don't (written rule) Notices on the wall, workplace rules — the sentence that ends in こと.
- 3 〜ことだ・ことはない ~koto da / koto wa nai you should / no need to Two ways to advise — "do this" and "no need for that".
- 4 〜わけにはいかない ~wake ni wa ikanai can't very well / have to Physically possible, but socially not on — or the reverse, a must.
- 5 〜てもかまわない ~te mo kamawanai it's fine even if Another face of N5's 「〜てもいい」— "I don't mind".
- 6 〜ということだ・とのことだ ~to iu koto da / to no koto da it is said / it means Passing on what you heard, and spelling out what something means.
- 7 〜とか〔伝聞〕 ~toka I heard something like Not N4's "such as" — the vague とか of "I heard something like…".
- 8 〔命令形〕と言われる [meirei] to iwareru was told "do it" "He said 'get here early'" — quoting a command word for word.
- 9 〜と言われている ~to iwarete iru it is said that Not one person's word — what people in general say.
Lesson check
All 9 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
🔒
「体の調子が悪いときは、無理を＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:When you're unwell, what is the right thing to do?
Dictionary form + べきではない = shouldn't; する becomes すべき or するべき. すべきだ and することだ would say "do push yourself" — the opposite.
「【事務所のルール】使ったコップは、自分で洗う＿。」— how does a posted rule end?
💡 Hint:A short written instruction.
Dictionary form + こと。 = a written rule ("do this"). ことはない ("no need") and べきではない ("shouldn't") turn the rule upside down.
「まだ時間はあるから、そんなにあわてる＿よ。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:"There's still time" — so rushing is…?
Dictionary form + ことはない = no need to — reassurance. ことだ and べきだ would advise rushing, which clashes with まだ時間はある.
「明日は試験だから、今夜は＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Exam tomorrow — playing tonight is…?
Dictionary form + わけにはいかない = you could, but the situation won't allow it. The other three say playing is fine or even the right thing, which clashes with 試験だから.
「客：ここに荷物を置いてもいいですか。店員：はい、＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:After はい comes an answer that gives permission.
て-form + もかまわない = that's fine (another face of てもいい). ことはありません and わけにはいきません contradict the はい.
「部長から電話があった。会議は3時からに変わった＿。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:Passing on a message from one person.
とのことだ passes on a message you received. と言われている is what people in general say, not news from one phone call.
「昔から、早寝早起きは体にいい＿。」 (something everyone has long said) — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:昔から — for a long time, by many people.
Plain form + と言われている = it is generally said. と言われた is one person on one occasion, which doesn't fit 昔から.
「遅刻して、店長に怒られた。『もっと早く＿』と言われた。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:A command given in anger, word for word.
The command form (来い) is quoted as-is inside 「」と言われる. 来ることはない ("no need to come") doesn't fit a scolding, and とか is hearsay.
Your score: /8