Lesson 12
Reason (2)
- 1 〜につき ~ni tsuki due to (public notice) The ので of posters and notices — gives the reason for a closure, stop or cancellation.
- 2 〜ことだし ~koto da shi since ~ (among other reasons), let's… The spoken way to float one soft reason before a suggestion or decision.
- 3 〜のことだから ~no koto da kara knowing N (character), surely… A guess based on someone's character — 'knowing him, surely…'.
- 4 〜からには ~kara ni wa now that / since (naturally … should / will) 'It's decided, so naturally I must / I will' — the から of resolve and duty.
- 5 〜以上は ~ijō wa since / now that (one must) 'Now that this is so…' — 「試験を受ける以上は、合格を目指したい」(since I'm taking the exam, I want to aim to pass).
- 6 〜上は ~ue wa now that (with firm resolve) 'Having done this, there is no turning back' — 「引き受けた上は、最後まで責任を持つ」(having accepted, I will be responsible to the end).
- 7 〜ことなく ~koto naku without doing (formal ないで) The formal, speech-and-news version of ないで・ずに.
- 8 〜かいがあって ~kai ga atte the effort paid off (かいもなく = in vain) The effort paid off — 「勉強したかいがあって、合格した」; if it didn't, 「かいもなく」.
- 9 〜がい ~gai worth ~ing / rewarding to ~ Vます + がい = something that rewards doing it — 「やりがいのある仕事」= a job worth doing.
- 10 〜あまり ~amari out of excessive ~ (unusual result) When a feeling grows so strong that an unusual (mostly bad) result follows.
Lesson check
All 10 forms of this lesson together — pick the right one from its look-alikes, the way the exam does. 6/8 completes the lesson.
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「本日は祝日＿、休業いたします。」(shop notice) — fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The 'ので' of a notice on the wall.
N + につき = the formal 'due to' of public notices, followed by a closure. ことだし is a soft spoken reason for a proposal, not notice language.
「天気もいい＿、みんなで公園に行かない？」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:「も」 in front, a proposal (〜ない？) after.
い-adj + ことだし = 'this is one reason too, so…' + a proposal. につき attaches only to nouns and is notice language; のあまり is excess of an emotion.
「まじめな田中さん＿、時間どおりに来るでしょう。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:You know the person's character → a guess (でしょう).
Person + のことだから = a guess based on their character, followed by でしょう / はずだ. からには means 'now that…, one must', not a guess.
「試験を受ける＿、合格を目指してがんばりたい。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:The decision is made → the natural resolve.
Plain form + 以上(は) = now that you are doing it, followed by resolve (〜たい, つもりだ). ことなく means 'without doing' — 'aim to pass without taking the exam' makes no sense.
「父は休む＿、30年間同じ工場で働き続けた。」— fill the blank.
💡 Hint:'Without a single day off' — the formal 'without doing'.
Dictionary form + ことなく = without doing (formal ないで), and the action continued. かいもなく means 'the effort was in vain' and needs a sad result after it.
Which sentence is unnatural?
💡 Hint:What kind of result follows かいもなく?
かいもなく = the effort was wasted, so a bad result must follow; 優勝できた is a good result and needs かいがあって.
Which sentence is unnatural?
💡 Hint:What may not follow あまり?
N + のあまり is followed by an unusual result (泣いた, 倒れた) — never a wish (〜たい) or request. 悔しさのあまり + 泣いた is correct.
Your friend Ram is always late. To guess 'that's just him, he'll be late again today', which form?
💡 Hint:The reason is not an event but the person's character.
Person + のことだから = 'knowing him, surely…'. ことだし calls for a proposal and からには for a duty or resolve — neither is a guess.
Your score: /8